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Virtue was ubiquitous in early modern Europe, not because everyone behaved well, but in the sense that interest in the subject was pervasive and intense. In a changing society, the widening aspiration to nobility was justified by claims to different kinds of virtue and the theory of virtue was the established way of re-assessing accepted human values. In Latin-based languages and humanist culture, certain materially based qualities attributed to the artwork itself eventually became identified as 'virtuosity', and the 'virtuoso' emerged in 17th century Europe as an elite figure with a particular interest in and appreciation of works of art and other objects of virtue.

This volume brings together a set of essays on the relevance of virtue to Netherlandish art, dealing with virtue as a popular subject of visual representation and opening up fascinating links and comparisons between the special qualities accorded to revered works of art with the claims of elite artists and beholders to privileged standing. 

Themes addressed range from a discussion of ways in which Dutch artists and writers adapted courtly and humanist notions of martial virtue to validate still life to an analysis of political and painterly virtue in a mythological painting by Cornelisz. van Haarlem; from an examination of Goltzius's 'Tabula Cebetis' as a representation of artistic virtue to an exploration of the virtues of amateur landscape in the seventeenth century Netherlands.

The volume also reconsiders the relationship between virtue and 'net' and 'rouw' painting, particularly with reference to the definition of sprezzatura in Castiglione's 'Book of the Courtier'. Or readers can compare Rubens' self-identification with virtue through humanist friendship with Jan Brueghel the Elder's reference, as a court painter, to the virtue and diligence of both his conduct and his art.

Within a wide range of subject-matter and approaches, the authors share a commitment to establishing the place of virtue at the heart of Netherlandish art.

collecting --- patronage --- craftsmanship --- Painting --- schilderkunst --- painting [image-making] --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Belgium --- Netherlands --- Virtues in art. --- Art, Netherlandish. --- Art, Dutch. --- Art, Flemish. --- virtue

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Black legend (Spanish history) --- National characteristics, Spanish --- Toleration --- Spanish national characteristics --- Leyenda negra --- Leyenda negra española --- Leyenda negra hispanoamericana --- Propaganda, Anti-Spanish --- Bigotry --- Intolerance --- Tolerance --- Virtues --- Discrimination --- History --- Spain --- Civilization. --- Foreign public opinion. --- Espagne --- Espainiako Erresuma --- España --- Espanha --- Espanja --- Espanya --- Estado Español --- Hispania --- Hiszpania --- Isupania --- Kingdom of Spain --- Regne d'Espanya --- Reiaume d'Espanha --- Reino de España --- Reino d'Espanya --- Reinu d'España --- Sefarad --- Sepharad --- Shpanie --- Shpanye --- Spanien --- Spanish State --- Supein --- イスパニア --- スペイン

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Christian moral theology --- Iconography --- Virtues in art --- Vices in art --- Personification in art --- Christian art and symbolism --- Vertus dans l'art --- Vices dans l'art --- Personnification dans l'art --- Art et symbolisme chrétiens --- Indexes. --- Themes, motives --- Indexes --- Index --- Thèmes, motifs --- Art et symbolisme chrétiens --- Thèmes, motifs --- Art, Christian --- Art, Ecclesiastical --- Arts in the church --- Christian symbolism --- Ecclesiastical art --- Symbolism and Christian art --- Religious art --- Symbolism --- Church decoration and ornament --- Medieval, 500-1500 --- Symbolism in art --- Middle Ages, 500-1500 --- personification --- kunst en godsdienst

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In 'Touching the Passion - Seeing Late Medieval Altarpieces through the Eyes of Faith', Donna Sadler explores the manner in which worshipers responded to the carved and polychromed retables adorning the altars of their parish churches. Framed by the symbolic death of Christ re-enacted during the Mass, the historical account of the Passion on the retable situated Christ's suffering and triumph over death in the present. The dramatic gestures, contemporary garb, and wealth of anecdotal detail on the altarpiece, invited the viewer's absorption in the narrative. As in the 'Imitatio Christi', the worshiper imaginatively projected himself into the story like a child before a dollhouse. The five senses, the sculptural medium, the small scale, and the rhetoric of memory foster this immersion.

altarpieces --- Christian religion --- religious art --- Late Medieval --- Art --- anno 1200-1499 --- Altarpieces, Medieval --- Public worship --- Church history --- Faith --- Religious belief --- Theological belief --- Belief and doubt --- Religion --- Salvation --- Theological virtues --- Trust in God --- Christianity --- Worship --- Church attendance --- Medieval altarpieces --- History --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Jesus Christ --- Christ --- Cristo --- Jezus Chrystus --- Jesus Cristo --- Jesus, --- Jezus --- Christ, Jesus --- Yeh-su --- Masīḥ --- Khristos --- Gesù --- Christo --- Yeshua --- Chrystus --- Gesú Cristo --- Ježíš --- Isa, --- Nabi Isa --- Isa Al-Masih --- Al-Masih, Isa --- Masih, Isa Al --- -Jesus, --- Jesucristo --- Yesu --- Yeh-su Chi-tu --- Iēsous --- Iēsous Christos --- Iēsous, --- Kʻristos --- Hisus Kʻristos --- Christos --- Jesuo --- Yeshuʻa ben Yosef --- Yeshua ben Yoseph --- Iisus --- Iisus Khristos --- Jeschua ben Joseph --- Ieso Kriʻste --- Yesus --- Kristus --- ישו --- ישו הנוצרי --- ישו הנצרי --- ישוע --- ישוע בן יוסף --- المسيح --- مسيح --- يسوع المسيح --- 耶稣 --- 耶稣基督 --- 예수그리스도 --- Jíizis --- Yéshoua --- Iėsu̇s --- Khrist Iėsu̇s --- ‏عيسىٰ‏ --- Passion --- Passion of Jesus Christ --- Middle Ages --- Jesus Christ. --- 600-1500 --- Passion of Christ --- Biography --- Lent --- Suffering of God --- Passion narratives (Gospels) --- Passion Week --- Ges --- Ježí --- Masī --- -Nabi Isa